Introduction

Natural crop of flora and fauna, vegetation and microbial source contain be second-hand by gentleman for thousands of years either in the pure forms or crude extracts to treat many diseases. Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of person’s vegetation that were gravely investigate in excess of more than a few years and old for centuries to brawl communicable disease [1]. It has been worn for medicinal and as spiritual purpose in the region of the earth. Garlic contains enzymes, minerals and sulfur compound, which are accountable for its overpowering odor and loads of its therapeutic personal property. Garlic has long been used both for flavoring and for potential benefits of preventing and curing ailments in many cultures. Sulfur hold compound establish in garlic have enough money the person corpse defense by inspiring the manufacture of convinced advantageous enzymes [2]. Scientists are interested in the potential of the organosulfur compounds derived from garlic to prevent and extravagance constant disease example cancer and cardiovascular disease [3]. It addition inferior blood cholesterol and blood darling, prevent blood clot, and hold anti-tumor property not in attendance of the loads of medicinal vegetation, garlic is supplementary winning with smallest amount plane property as compare to profitable antibiotics. It has an antimicrobial material goods which protect the crowd from extra pathogens and highlighting the significance of investigate for expected antimicrobial drugs [4-5]. Allicin, the most active organo-sulfur compound, was primary inaccessible and premeditated in the trial [6]. It exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal activity [7]. Allicin is garlic's protection instrument alongside attack by pests. It also has adverse effects like bad breath, sweat smell and in some people allergy due to allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) and toxicology.

Origin and distribution

Garlic is single of the majority very old educated herb and is vegetative propagate as of cloves. By means of a times gone by of person make utilize of in excess of 7,000 years, garlic is resident to middle Asia. It has extended be a clip in the Mediterranean area, as well as a recurrent excitement in Asia, Africa, and Europe and was recognized to very old Egyptians which has been second-hand for in cooperation cooking and therapeutic reason [8]. Earth garlic farming was greater than previous from 771,000 ha of land in 1989/90 to 1,204,711 ha of land in 2007 with whole manufacture from 6.5 million to 15.68 million tons, and output on or after 8.43 t/ha and 13.02 t/ha [9]. It is full-grown internationally, but China is the largest consumer and producer with approximately 20 million tones grown yearly, secretarial for over 81% of world output. India 4.6% and South Korea 1.4% follow with Egypt 1.2% on fourth place and the United States in ninth place 0.8% [10]. This vegetation 11% of worldwide garlic manufacture in country that every produces a smaller amount than 2% of universal amount produced. A large amount of the garlic manufacture in the United States is centered in Gilroy, California, which calls itself the “garlic capital of the world”. Garlic is the succeeding nearly all extensively sophisticated Allium genus in Ethiopia next to onion. Adet, Ambo, Debre-work, and numerous other areas of Ethiopian high ground bring into being the mass of garlic under the little scale farmers division. The sum region beneath garlic manufacture in 2006/07 reached 9,266 hectares and the manufacture is predictable to be in excess of 683,000 quintals. According to Ethiopian Seed Enterprise seed marketing study indicated difference between demand and supply. The potential size of the certified seed market in the country ranges from 0.75 to 1.0 million quintals per year, while the current size of the penetrated market is about 0.2 million quintals per year. Clearly this shows the formal seed sector cannot ensure farmers easy access to seeds of improved varieties P [11]. Currently, the share of the formal seed system is estimated to be about 10-20% while the rest 80-90% is covered by the informal system. The production of cash crop like garlic, onion and additional spice is prove to be proceeds generate for farmers, in particular for folks who encompass cultivated in limited lands or minute possessor farmers.

Varieties

Garlic's close relatives include the Onion (Allium cepa), Shallot (Allium ascalonicum), Leek (Allium porrum), and Chive (Allium schoenoprasum). The taxonomic hierarchy of garlic is: Kingdom Plantae, Sub-kingdom Viridiplntae, Super-division Embryophyta, Division Tracheophyta, Sub-division Spermatophytina, Class Magnoliopsida, Super-order Lilianae, Order Asparagales, Family Amarylidaceae, Genus Allium, and Species Allium sativum [12]. A sativum grow in the undomesticated in area where it has turn out to be accept. British wild garlic be associate of the class A. ursinum and the field garlic as Allium oleraceum. In North America, Allium vineale known as wild or crow garlic and Allium canadense . Only of the largest part exceptional predictable garlic is monster garlic, is in point of fact a untamed leek, Allium. ampeloprasum, and not true garlic [13] in attendance are two species of Allium sativum, ten chief group of variety, and hundreds of assortment or cultivars. Allium sativum varieties called ophioscorodon or unbending necked garlic; characterized by hard, woody central stalks that extend down to the basal laminate at the bottom of the bulb and sativum varieties are thought to have evolved from hard neck garlic. Soft neck has no woody psedostem formed from overlapping leaf sheaths and rarely sends up a flower stalk. 

Constituents of Garlic

Chemical composition of garlic

Garlic enclose vitamins A, B1 and C as well as fiber and water. Garlic has a highly developed incorporation of sulfur compound than several other Allium species. Sulfur containing compounds are classified as oil soluble and water soluble. Oil soluble sulphur containing compounds include sulfide; such as daily trisulfied, and allyl methyl trisulfied, dithiins and ajoene. Water soluble compounds include cysteine derivatives such as S-allyl cysteine (SAC), S-allyl mercapto cystine (SAMC) and S-methyl cysteine and gamma-glutamyl cysteine derivatives. Oil soluble sulfur compounds are odorous, whereas water soluble compounds are odorless, colorless, more stable and safer than oil soluble. Allicin is an greasy, somewhat yellow fluid that give garlic its only one of its kind scent. It is a thioester of sulfenic acid and is as well recognized as ally thiosulfinate [14] at what time fresh garlic is chop or crushed, the enzyme alinase converts alliin into allicin, which is accountable for the aroma of clean garlic [15]. The allicin generated is very unstable and quickly changes into series of other sulfur contain compound such as diallyl disulfides and this break down occurs within hours at room hotness and inside notes throughout food preparation [16]. Allicin decomposes in stomach acids to release diallyl sulphide and diallyl disulphide [17] in the most abundant sulfur compound in garlic is alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide), which is present at 10 mg/g in unsullied and 30 mg/g in dry garlic. It is primary odourless, and a precursor of allicin [18].