A potential treatment option for traumatic brain injury is resveratrol

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic illness related with the inflammation in the digestive tract. The actual origin of IBD is uncertain; yet, in IBD, the homeostasis of critical regulatory components involved in intestinal immunity has been demonstrated to be altered. Despite the lack of a feasible cure for IBD, synthetic medicines and monoclonal antibodies are currently employed to treat it. However, these treatments entail negative effects, and the high relapse rate limits their usage. Dietary polyphenols are a diverse group of chemicals with a wide range of biological characteristics. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol found in grapevines and berries. There is ample evidence from numerous in vivo trials that resveratrol can treat IBD.

Keywords

Resveratrol, Inflammation, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, Nano formulation, Nanoparticles, Colorectal cancer

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complicated chronic immune-mediated disease represented by uncontrolled inflammation in the intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal system. In IBD, uncontrolled mucosal inflammation is characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss, and invasion of neutrophils and macrophages. These cells are involved in the production of free radicals, cytokines, and proteolytic enzymes, which in turn lead to inflammation and ulceration. Over the previous few decades, the global prevalence IBD has increased, and since the beginning of the 21st century, IBD has been recognized as one of the most prevalent and prominent gastrointestinal infections with an increasing rate in newly industrialized countries.

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBD is a chronic, life-threatening gastrointestinal inflammatory condition that affects both men and women at a young age. IBD has significantly increased in incidence and prevalence in developing nations since the turn of the twenty-first century, making it one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal ailments. UC and CDs are the two main kinds of IBD, they share various commonalities. Although both UC and CD have similarities, they are different chronic bowel-relapsing inflammatory illnesses. Inflammation in UC is restricted to the colon, and patients with UC often have mucosal inflammation beginning with the rectum expanding persistently to proximal portions of the colon, i.e., the entire colon (pancolitis) in an uninterrupted pattern. Unlike UC, CD can affect any non-continuous portion of the gastrointestinal system, including the terminal ileum, perianal region, cecum, and colon. UC, to a great extent illustrated by mucosal inflammation localized to the colon whereas, the CD is commonly combined with complications such as abscesses, fistulas, and strictures. Although the exact cause and pathogenesis of IBD are still unknown, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the IBD pathogenesis. Up to this point, literature evidence has suggested that the pathogenesis of IBD is primarily related to genetic and environmental factors, modulation of the intestinal microbiota, and immunological aberration. The primary elements such as genetic, gut microbial, environmental, and immunological that are associated to IBD pathogenesis.

Conclusion

IBD is a long-term, life-threatening chronic gastrointestinal disease that affects both men and women at a young age. IBD is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, with a rising incidence and prevalence. Conventional drugs and biologics are the best options for treating IBD, but they invariably have side effects, which is a significant disadvantage. In this context, resveratrol, which is renowned as a potent natural anti-inflammatory medication, has attracted a lot of interest from researchers looking for effective and safe medicines for the treatment and management of IBD. Comprehensive studies using chemically induced colitis have shown the great potential of resveratrol against inflammation by targeting molecular targets and via modulating the various signaling pathways, such as Nf-kB, SIRT1, mTOR, HIF-1, miRNAs, Nrf2, TNF-, and autophagy in IBD. These studies have focused on resveratrol's anti-inflammatory capacity. Although resveratrol is more effective against inflammation in IBD, its therapeutic use is constrained by its poor solubility in water, poor chemical stability, poor bioavailability, and quick in vivo metabolism. As a result, during the past ten years, research into resveratrol and its modified formulations for the treatment of IBD has multiplied. This is done in an effort to get beyond the drawbacks and challenges associated with using resveratrol therapeutically through encapsulation with different carriers. As a result, increasing water solubility, stability, and bioavailability through its controlled release has become a comforting tactic.

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